After the murder of Duncan Nothing goes Right for Macbeth and his Wife Essay

Shakespeare previously demonstrated Macbeth in the court of a recently delegated King James the First. A few people would contend that in places this was composed as a bit of sweet talk for James the first. James was intended to be a relative of Banquos’ and in this way Shakespeare demonstrates Banquo to be a valiant and chivalrous character all through the play. Be that as it may, Shakespeare must be cautious what he said in the play, as he didn’t need to disturb the King. This play could be composed as a bit of publicity or an admonition to anyone who conflicted with the King. The play underpins the Stuarts precept of the â€Å"Divine Right† of lords. This expresses lords are designated by God and subsequently conflicting with them is as evil as conflicting with God himself, the best discipline ought to be set against anyone who does as such. This is demonstrated entirely through the play up until the demise of Macbeth himself. Macbeth begins the play as an incredible saint and is very much regarded by his individual rulers and companions. He has demonstrated himself to be an extraordinary warrior and is alluded to by some as â€Å"Bellona’s Bridegroom† who assisted with sparing Scotland from intrusion by the King of Norway and an assault by MacDonald. Macbeth is profoundly respected by the King, who considers Macbeth a â€Å"valiant cousin, commendable gentleman†. Macbeth is remunerated, by the King, the job of Thane of Cawdor after the past Thane end up being a swindler and dictator. Be that as it may, before the finish of the play Macbeth is despised by all and is viewed as a deceiver and despot. I accept that had Macbeth not have killed Duncan, he would have carried on his great name and perhaps picked up the job of King without successfully gain it. We can see that Macbeth begins to experience the ill effects of the homicide straightforwardly after when he says that he thinks he hears a voice: Methought I hear a voice cry ‘Sleep no more! Macbeth murders sleep’, This could be viewed as the initial segment of Macbeths discipline for killing the lord. He has been reviled with the goal that he can no longer rest since he has killed the lord while he dozes. We can see this is genuine in light of the fact that all through the remainder of the play Macbeth doesn't rest soundly once more. Macbeth knows since he will never be pardoned for what he has done and very quickly laments his activities and wishes that he could fix it. Macbeth freezes after he carries out the thing and he kills Duncans watches before anybody goes into the room. He believes that this will be viewed as a demonstration of fearlessness and steadfastness to the King yet doesn’t understand that rather he is getting freed the main others that could have been accused for the homicide and removed the doubt from himself and woman Macbeth. In doing this Macbeth attracts doubt to himself straight away from Macduff who says, â€Å"Wherefore did you so?†. This is the first occasion when we see Macduffs doubts and they carry on to the finish of the play at which time he proceeds to kill Macbeth himself. Macbeth acknowledges Macduff and doesn't have a sense of security. Macduff shows the degree of his perspective on the homicide of Duncan by not going to the crowning celebration of Macbeth. Macbeth sees this and his dread develops. In the wake of turning out to be King, Macbeth understands that it brings him nothing more. He turns out to be increasingly more dubious of Banquo, who is starting to question Macbeth over the homicide of Duncan. Macbeth acknowledges how huge of a danger Banquo could be to him and says: To be along these lines is nothing, Be that as it may, to be securely along these lines: our feelings of dread in Banquo Stick profound. Macbeth is continually tormented by the witches prescience of the desendants of Banquo turning out to be King. On the off chance that it were valid, at that point Macbeth could never constructed a genuine tradition. Macbeth abhors this idea and we see it plague him all trough the play. We at that point see Macbeths change. He arranges Banquo and Fleance to be killed. However, in contrast to the principal, his better half isn't included and he recruits hoodlums to do it for him as opposed to carrying out the thing himself. This, as I would see it, is the first occasion when we see Macbeth going only it and keep woman Macbeth separate from his arrangements. Macbeth accepts that by killing Banquo and his child he will forestall the second prediction from working out as expected and put his brain very still. Be that as it may, the arrangement isn't totally effective and Fleance get away. Macbeths responds to this by saying: At that point comes my fit again:I had else been great Macbeth is stating that in the event that that had not have turned out badly, at that point it would have been great yet now it has brought back his unsettlement in such a case that Fleance despite everything lives that implies that the prediction may at present work out as expected. His sentiment of failing to have any fulfillment of ruler comes back to him. Macbeth at that point has a dinner with every one of his rulers and women and he parts with the game. He sees the phantom of Banquo sitting in a seat and in his stun and frenzy he starts to yell out in franticness pardons for what he has done. Woman Macbeth attempts to conceal for him yet Macbeth continues. The rulers become always dubious as comprehend what Macbeth has done. After the masters have gone Macbeth mentions to his significant other what he done to Banqou and I think this is when Lady Macbeth acknowledges what her better half has transformed into and what Kingship has brought him and her. After the gala the rulers start to feel that Macbeth is certifiably not a commendable lord, alluding to the banquet as the â€Å"tyrants feast†. Lennox alludes to the circumstance as: ‘our enduring nation Under a hand accurs’d’ This implies Scotland is under the standard of a hand (Macbeth) which is dishonorable or awful. This reveals to us that Macbeth is developing increasingly more disagreeable inside the rulers and he has now lost the entirety of the regard and ‘good name’ that they once gave him. Macbeth starts to fall always into despair and goes to see the witches for some more exhortation. They reveal to him that he is protected and gives a sentiment of security. Macbeth currently feels much improved however the witches at that point deny him of any bliss by reconfirming Banquos relatives turning out to be ruler by indicating him a picture of lords to come who all look like Banquo. Macbeth is presently unhappier than any time in recent memory and we can see the full degree of which being above all else has brought definitely no fulfillment at all. Macbeth, in his misery, says: ‘I am in blood Stepp’d in so far that should I swim no more, Returning were as repetitive as go’er. This shows us a violent perspective on him swimming through the entirety of the blood of his casualties and to turn around and attempt to do right would be as hard or ‘tedious’ as it is polish off what he has begun and to continue with the killings. Macbeth has at this point lost the entirety of his benevolence and any sympathy that he once had. His rulers are gradually abandoning him and his significant other and him are further separated than any time in recent memory. From the earliest starting point of the play Macduff has associated Macbeth with the homicide of Duncan and he currently has confirmation enough to escape to England and join Malcolm. Macbeth has now turned severe and curved and promises that he will presently do whatever he contemplates the results: ‘From this second The very firstlings of my heart will be The firstlings of my hand.’ Macbeth at that point chooses to carry out his more regrettable thing yet, he arranges the homicide of Macduffs spouse and kid. This shows Macbeths rulers transparently that he is a genuine despot and only a grisly executioner. He presently loses much more help when Ross leaves him. In addition to the fact that he loses bolster he gives Macduff much more explanation behind vengeance and makes Macduff considerably progressively anxious to oust him. Macbeth currently understands that he has lost all his help and that he is despised over all the land and is near gloom. At this point Macbeth has lost every human inclination that he once had and in any event, when he learns of his wife’s passing he basically disregards it saying, â€Å"she would have kicked the bucket hereafter†. All sentiments of adoration or scorn or liable have now been cleaned from him and he is presently a severe and dead individual. He starts to accept that life has no importance. At the point when Macbeth learns of Macduffs approaching he isn't apprehensive and says, â€Å"I won't yield†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ lay on Macduff†, he is stating that he won't retreat however rather will hang tight for Macduff and take him on. Macbeth isn't apprehensive any longer and now just sits tight for his destiny. Macbeth battles to his demise and winds up being executed by Macduff in the last encounter. We can see Lady Macbeths moderate winding of despondency all through the play to the point of self destruction. She began as a driven lady who was enamored and who needs only the best for spouse. She aids the homicide and attempts her hardest to make her significant other addition Kingship. Toward the starting she was in finished control of her significant other and the marriage yet by the end she loses the entirety of this and Macbeth gives no consideration at all to her. Being sovereign gives her positively no fulfillment and understands that the entirety of the plans were simply a total exercise in futility. I accept that after the homicide of Duncan nothing goes directly for Macbeth and his significant other. It in the long run pushes Lady Macbeth to self destruction and causes the homicide of Macbeth himself. I accept that in the event that they had not done the homicide, at that point Macbeth would have kept his great name and perhaps the witches predictions would have worked out with no support. Macbeth had everything and ought to have been appreciative for it. Woman Macbeth got covetous and ought to have let her significant other do what he needed to as opposed to driving him into the underlying homicide.

Warehouse Management Solution Putting the Ideas into Practice

Presentation A stockroom the executives is the administration type which contains various different components that help to mechanize the organization forms, for example, the inward and external procedures of the undertaking and the warehousing forms, simultaneously permitting to overhaul the organization execution, the area of the items and the customer’s impression (Consona Corporation, 2011). To be increasingly exact, the stockroom the executives framework, or WMS, permits to improve the organization operations.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Warehouse Management Solution: Putting the Ideas into Practice explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More when in doubt, the given tasks start with getting the cash from the supplier and results in the conveyance of products to the client. Furthermore, the procedure includes the necessary moves to be made and the information bundle utilized for the creation and conveyance of the merchandise. It has been demonstrated that, inside a specific scope of time, terrific businesses, yet additionally littler and less compelling organizations can acknowledge and actualize the given arrangement of the executives with significant achievement, since the WMS addresses such significant components of a proficient organization execution as prompt flexibly, consolidated coordinations and web based business achievement (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Ayub, 2007). The given report offers the investigation of distribution center administration framework and its usage, bringing up both the points of interest and burdens of WMS. Waterhouse Management Definition Having indistinguishable roots from other programming applications, WMS should establish a noteworthy piece of dealing with the space for capacity of crude materials and the specialized gracefully (Piasecki, 2011; Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004). At present, be that as it may, the inquiry whether a WMS ought to turn into the alleged distribution center explicit ERP framework stays open. What's more, the exploration results state plainly that once the course of handling inside the circles of Advanced Planning and Scheduling, Enterprise Resource Planning, Manufacturing Execution Systems, Warehouse Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Transportation Management Systems and Distribution Management Planning will bring forth the expansion of multifaceted nature raising between ventures which are searching for the product which will evidently improve their business procedure the executives (Piasecki, 2011; Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004). Likewise, an effectively applied WMS is normally planned for fusing he existing gadgets and gear, yet in addition the whole PC equipment and programming by the methods for expanding the working tasks; in this manner, the enhancements in association of such components of organization activity as capacity, gracefully and conveyance, crude materials and labor.Advertising Looking for report on b usiness financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once the previously mentioned WMS technique is applied, the organization can enter significantly harder rivalry in the current market; notwithstanding, such activities as the decrease of staff costs, gracefully exactness improvement, ensuring that the nature of the item meets the clientele’s desires, just as improving the adaptability of the organization, must be embraced. Permitting the administrative to address the issue of stock administration by applying the synchronized methodology, getting the most up to date information concerning the present request or its conveyance, just as some other insight about the provided request, the WMS offers impressive points of interest to the organization regarding withstanding the market rivalry (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Murray, 2011). Waterhouse Management System Advantages The framework has various positive vie wpoints (Eclipse Systems Pvt. Ltd, 2004; Murray, 2011), among which the most significant are the ones referenced beneath. Upgraded flexibly and conveyance move With the assistance of WMS, the lead term is limited because of the way that the gracefully and conveyance move takes the base of time too. What's more, the stock data is checked, which permits to rehearse the JIT procedure. Accordingly, the wellbeing store is did not request anymore, as the last expands the utilization of working capital and the stock. Proficient utilization of current distribution center stockpiling It is imperative to include that the WMS not just reductions the need in a wellbeing stock, yet in addition permits an undertaking to augment the material extra room with the assistance of item discovering strategies, for example, the techniques for acquiring, gathering, wrapping and conveyance areas. Decreased need in paper-keeping It is for all intents and purposes conceivable to make the conventional procedur e associated with the material stockpiling methods quicker by the utilization of the WMS, when the last is synchronized and robotized, when the flexibly information move is built up. In the given case, it gets conceivable to keep all the data concerning the capacity of the material, e.g., the information concerning the bundling records, receipt reports, and so on., can be moved from the standard paper structure to the type of computerized information. Cycle checking carried to its most extreme With the assistance of WMS, the organization information, for example, the specific flexibly and conveyance focuses, the request move recurrence, and so forth., for the recently masterminded cycle tallies. In the given technique, the gave sort of cycle checks not just builds the precision of the conclusive outcomes, yet in addition assists with diminishing the need in the general generous flexibly, since the last is exorbitantly costly for the enterprise.Advertising We will compose a custom re port test on Warehouse Management Solution: Putting the Ideas into Practice explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considerable autonomy from distribution center workers Once the WMS is actualized, the organization gets equipped for bringing the undertaking gracefully activities and the conveyance method to the norm, modifying the procedures to the company’s highlights. In this way, the association intentionally picks the official strategies, hence, lessening the reliance on the distribution center workers. Upgraded consumer loyalty Streamlining the creation is the key resource of the WMS strategies, since it surmises that the organization finds the item and conveys it to the client in an increasingly effective way. In view of the capacity to check the procedure for the put in a raincheck for conveyance and to release the last promptly, the given framework improves the precision of the item conveyance and, in this way, improves the organization score. Expanded work execution With the assistance of such creative methodologies as cross docking, a WMS makes it feasible for the organization to bring the exchange of the crude material to its most extreme effectiveness. Known as the strategy permitting to pick the most limited courses for the internal transfers to be conveyed, the given framework assists with making the distribution center administration extensively simpler. The Ideas Offered by SAP It is additionally imperative to remember that the WMS works in correspondence with the ERP acquisitions, creation, general money related administration ability and the administration of crude materials and the requests made by the demographic. With the Application of the WMS, it is ensured that the organization won't acquire any clashing information concerning the item, its area, and so on once the information is transmitted with the assistance of various PC applications. Therefore, it very well may be orchestrated that the tasks did in different branches of the association are executed basing on the freshest information and the most modern data (Consona Corporation, 2011). As indicated by SAP, there is a sure method to deal with the requests and the idiosyncrasies of the distribution center administration, just as the relating issues, which is applying the completely incorporated apparatuses created by SAP. Besides, with the assistance of the offered arrangement, all the capacities recently performed beforehand by the business administrators, specifically, the arranging, source search, stockpiling, transportation and conveyance of the items being referred to, can be done as a solitary calculated activity (SAP AG., 2011), which is known as the SAP Enterprise Warehouse Management (SAP EWM) arrangement existing in four versions.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More EWM consolidates all the essential components which will undoubtedly lead the organization to flourishing and simultaneously assists with enduring the opposition (Consona Corporation, 2011; SAP AG., 2011). Positive Aspects of SAP Solution It must be noticed that the given arrangement offers adaptable arrangement of the working materials transportation, just as the association of the material. With respect to the positive parts of the arrangement, one must make reference to that It raises the stockroom capacity by improving the materials transportation It builds the capacity of the stockroom to choose the most sensible areas for the items, dealing with the exchange tasks, and simultaneously verify that the workers keep up a similar elevated level of efficiency and quality It makes the creation totally straightforward, dispersing the data between the customer base, the providers and each one of those concerned so that there could be no data holes It makes the association fit for enteri ng the market rivalry and improve the nature of the items, reacting auspicious and satisfactorily to the adjustments in flexibly and request (SAP AG., 2011). Two Entrepreneurships Testing the SAP Solution In the main occasion, the SAP methodology is incorporated for ESCO, an European salt organization. These days taking the primary spot around the world, it embraced a close synchronized methodology (SAP, 2011). Concerning the subsequent case, Deloitte Consulting oversaw not exclusively to refine the creation procedure, yet additionally to acquaint MS Access databases with the staff for a quicker

Research Paper Format

Research Paper FormatA part of online research is to choose the appropriate format that will best meet the needs of your college work. The use of these formats can aid in conveying a clear and easy-to-understand message that is communicated in an accurate manner to your audience.It should be noted that the essay for the research paper should be well prepared and researched properly in order to achieve a high grade. It is the responsibility of the student to read through the essay he or she intends to write before starting to write it. These procedures will help the student formulate an appropriate theme for the essay to convey his or her opinion. This will aid in motivating the student to carry out his or her assigned work.Students who are planning to take the examination for their college will need to present a set of coherent and well-researched points on the topic at hand. This task is not just difficult; it also requires considerable amount of research, writing and revision. A pr oper research paper may contain lots of back-and-forth research. All the facts and data must be presented in such a way that it is convincing.Online research paper is one of the easiest methods to present a sound argument about a particular topic. In fact, research papers have been widely used in many organizations and universities all over the world. There are different kinds of essays that a student may find helpful to other, depending on the subject being discussed. Theses are generally prepared online by students and academics using tools such as Word, PowerPoint, and even Word, Excel and even Google docs.Generally, students can look for a type of research paper to suit their course requirements and interest. They also can ask for assistance in writing these projects that may include some free, traditional research paper templates, and other innovative and interesting uses of fonts and formatting to ensure a better presentation of their thesis.It is important for students to wri te the project for a variety of reasons. For one, these online essay projects help them prepare for formal academic examinations. These can also serve as a guideline and primer in preparing for the final exam.An online research paper should have enough elements to make the reader interested in reading it. This can be achieved through the use of vocabulary words that are impressive and natural, and phrases that are easy to read. The style should be a simple yet engaging format that can easily grab the attention of readers.You can easily find the appropriate essay format that is most suitable for your needs from the resources found online. This can help you decide on what format to use. Moreover, you can use some of the online resources to help you in choosing the right format.

Beloved As A Character Defies Classification.She Is Both

Beloved as a character defies classification. She is both the light and the dark, an all-encompassing duality that forces Sethe to recognize pain from her past, as well as deal with new pain in the present. Beloved’s shocking reappearance forces Sethe and others to confront old, painful memories whilst concurrently reconciling who or what Beloved is. For many, the character of Beloved embodies multiple generations of slavery and symbolizes the horrors of the past – seemingly back from the dead she haunts Sethe, Denver, and anyone else that is unfortunate enough to encounter the family. â€Å"Beloved, she my daughter. She mine† (236). If only Sethe had realized that Beloved was a replacement for her baby earlier in the novel – Beloved†¦show more content†¦She is not simply a reincarnation of Sethe’s lost baby, but a replacement for her. In Her, Samantha, an Artificially Intelligent Operating System downloaded and customized by Theo, act s similarly as a replacement for Theo’s former wife Catherine, though Samantha is an independent entity. In this case, she is a carrier of happiness and a reminder of past good times. Heartbroken in the beginning of the film, Theo downloads Samantha; he once again finds a human-like connection in someone, or something rather that is as far from human as possible. Theo’s relationship with Samantha is synonymous with Beloved and Sethe’s relationship. In both cases, Samantha and Beloved temporarily fill a void within the protagonist. With Samantha, Theo seemingly finds his â€Å"perfect† woman; someone who shares his interests, someone he can talk to and confide in, someone who loves him, insecurities and all. Likewise, Beloved’s reappearance is originally more shocking for those around Sethe than Sethe herself. Once Sethe realizes who Beloved is, a wave of emotions crash over her and she devotes herself to Beloved (beginning the process of dea ling with her past). However, Beloved causes pain for those in her presence. She forces Paul D to recount stories about Sweet Home, and to Sethe about how Halle was left behind, a husk of his former self; the story about Halle being

The Earth Has Vast Oceans - 2050 Words

Out of the eight planets in our solar system, Earth is the only planet circling the Sun on which life as we know it could (and does) exist. Unlike any other planet, the Earth has vast oceans with millions of small islands in them, green vegetation, huge landmasses, different topographies, like the mountains, ice caps and deserts, all of which present an amazing variety of color and texture. be the extremely cold Antarctica, where hardy microscopic beings thrive in ponds, tiny wingless insects live in patches of moss and lichen, and plants grow and flower yearly or the extremely warm desert of Sahara plants such as date palms and acacia put down long roots to reach life-sustaining water or often the seeds of flowering plants sprout quickly after a rain and complete their growing cycle and producing seeds in a matter of days, before the soil dries out, one can find some form of life other in almost every ecological niche on earth. From the outer layers of the atmosphere to the deep sea beds at the bottom of the oceans and from the coldest poles to the warmest equator, life thrives here. Till date, no convincingly true evidence of life has been found on any planet. [1] While the Earth has been around for 4.6 billion years and our ancestors have been around for about six million years, the modern form of humans is claimed to have evolved only about 200,000 years ago. The present civilization it is only about six thousand years old, and the industrialization era started in fullShow MoreRelatedLife At The Bottom And Its Vast Environment1540 Words   |  7 Pagesunwind, and enjoy the cool currents and warm water. Although people are delighted with the surface of the ocean, the depth of Ocean remains a mystery. The average depth of a large body of water, such as the ocean has been recorded to be 12, 500 feet deep. Therefore making the bodies of water nearly occupy a majority of the earth space. 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Angels Demons Chapter 28-31 Free Essays

28 Secretary Sylvie Baudeloque was now in a panic. She paced outside the director’s empty office. Where the hell is he? What do I do? It had been a bizarre day. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 28-31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, any day working for Maximilian Kohler had the potential to be strange, but Kohler had been in rare form today. â€Å"Find me Leonardo Vetra!† he had demanded when Sylvie arrived this morning. Dutifully, Sylvie paged, phoned, and E-mailed Leonardo Vetra. Nothing. So Kohler had left in a huff, apparently to go find Vetra himself. When he rolled back in a few hours later, Kohler looked decidedly not well†¦ not that he ever actually looked well, but he looked worse than usual. He locked himself in his office, and she could hear him on his modem, his phone, faxing, talking. Then Kohler rolled out again. He hadn’t been back since. Sylvie had decided to ignore the antics as yet another Kohlerian melodrama, but she began to get concerned when Kohler failed to return at the proper time for his daily injections; the director’s physical condition required regular treatment, and when he decided to push his luck, the results were never pretty – respiratory shock, coughing fits, and a mad dash by the infirmary personnel. Sometimes Sylvie thought Maximilian Kohler had a death wish. She considered paging him to remind him, but she’d learned charity was something Kohlers’s pride despised. Last week, he had become so enraged with a visiting scientist who had shown him undue pity that Kohler clambered to his feet and threw a clipboard at the man’s head. King Kohler could be surprisingly agile when he was pisse. At the moment, however, Sylvie’s concern for the director’s health was taking a back burner†¦ replaced by a much more pressing dilemma. The CERN switchboard had phoned five minutes ago in a frenzy to say they had an urgent call for the director. â€Å"He’s not available,† Sylvie had said. Then the CERN operator told her who was calling. Sylvie half laughed aloud. â€Å"You’re kidding, right?† She listened, and her face clouded with disbelief. â€Å"And your caller ID confirms – † Sylvie was frowning. â€Å"I see. Okay. Can you ask what the – † She sighed. â€Å"No. That’s fine. Tell him to hold. I’ll locate the director right away. Yes, I understand. I’ll hurry.† But Sylvie had not been able to find the director. She had called his cell line three times and each time gotten the same message: â€Å"The mobile customer you are trying to reach is out of range.† Out of range? How far could he go? So Sylvie had dialed Kohler’s beeper. Twice. No response. Most unlike him. She’d even E-mailed his mobile computer. Nothing. It was like the man had disappeared off the face of the earth. So what do I do? she now wondered. Short of searching CERN’s entire complex herself, Sylvie knew there was only one other way to get the director’s attention. He would not be pleased, but the man on the phone was not someone the director should keep waiting. Nor did it sound like the caller was in any mood to be told the director was unavailable. Startled with her own boldness, Sylvie made her decision. She walked into Kohler’s office and went to the metal box on his wall behind his desk. She opened the cover, stared at the controls, and found the correct button. Then she took a deep breath and grabbed the microphone. 29 Vittoria did not remember how they had gotten to the main elevator, but they were there. Ascending. Kohler was behind her, his breathing labored now. Langdon’s concerned gaze passed through her like a ghost. He had taken the fax from her hand and slipped it in his jacket pocket away from her sight, but the image was still burned into her memory. As the elevator climbed, Vittoria’s world swirled into darkness. Papa! In her mind she reached for him. For just a moment, in the oasis of her memory, Vittoria was with him. She was nine years old, rolling down hills of edelweiss flowers, the Swiss sky spinning overhead. Papa! Papa! Leonardo Vetra was laughing beside her, beaming. â€Å"What is it, angel?† â€Å"Papa!† she giggled, nuzzling close to him. â€Å"Ask me what’s the matter!† â€Å"But you look happy, sweetie. Why would I ask you what’s the matter?† â€Å"Just ask me.† He shrugged. â€Å"What’s the matter?† She immediately started laughing. â€Å"What’s the matter? Everything is the matter! Rocks! Trees! Atoms! Even anteaters! Everything is the matter!† He laughed. â€Å"Did you make that up?† â€Å"Pretty smart, huh?† â€Å"My little Einstein.† She frowned. â€Å"He has stupid hair. I saw his picture.† â€Å"He’s got a smart head, though. I told you what he proved, right?† Her eyes widened with dread. â€Å"Dad! No! You promised!† â€Å"E=MC2!† He tickled her playfully. â€Å"E=MC2!† â€Å"No math! I told you! I hate it!† â€Å"I’m glad you hate it. Because girls aren’t even allowed to do math.† Vittoria stopped short. â€Å"They aren’t?† â€Å"Of course not. Everyone knows that. Girls play with dollies. Boys do math. No math for girls. I’m not even permitted to talk to little girls about math.† â€Å"What! But that’s not fair!† â€Å"Rules are rules. Absolutely no math for little girls.† Vittoria looked horrified. â€Å"But dolls are boring!† â€Å"I’m sorry,† her father said. â€Å"I could tell you about math, but if I got caught†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked nervously around the deserted hills. Vittoria followed his gaze. â€Å"Okay,† she whispered, â€Å"just tell me quietly.† The motion of the elevator startled her. Vittoria opened her eyes. He was gone. Reality rushed in, wrapping a frosty grip around her. She looked to Langdon. The earnest concern in his gaze felt like the warmth of a guardian angel, especially in the aura of Kohler’s chill. A single sentient thought began pounding at Vittoria with unrelenting force. Where is the antimatter? The horrifying answer was only a moment away. 30 â€Å"Maximilian Kohler. Kindly call your office immediately.† Blazing sunbeams flooded Langdon’s eyes as the elevator doors opened into the main atrium. Before the echo of the announcement on the intercom overhead faded, every electronic device on Kohler’s wheelchair started beeping and buzzing simultaneously. His pager. His phone. His E-mail. Kohler glanced down at the blinking lights in apparent bewilderment. The director had resurfaced, and he was back in range. â€Å"Director Kohler. Please call your office.† The sound of his name on the PA seemed to startle Kohler. He glanced up, looking angered and then almost immediately concerned. Langdon’s eyes met his, and Vittoria’s too. The three of them were motionless a moment, as if all the tension between them had been erased and replaced by a single, unifying foreboding. Kohler took his cell phone from the armrest. He dialed an extension and fought off another coughing fit. Vittoria and Langdon waited. â€Å"This is†¦ Director Kohler,† he said, wheezing. â€Å"Yes? I was subterranean, out of range.† He listened, his gray eyes widening. â€Å"Who? Yes, patch it through.† There was a pause. â€Å"Hello? This is Maximilian Kohler. I am the director of CERN. With whom am I speaking?† Vittoria and Langdon watched in silence as Kohler listened. â€Å"It would be unwise,† Kohler finally said, â€Å"to speak of this by phone. I will be there immediately.† He was coughing again. â€Å"Meet me†¦ at Leonardo da Vinci Airport. Forty minutes.† Kohler’s breath seemed to be failing him now. He descended into a fit of coughing and barely managed to choke out the words, â€Å"Locate the canister immediately†¦ I am coming.† Then he clicked off his phone. Vittoria ran to Kohler’s side, but Kohler could no longer speak. Langdon watched as Vittoria pulled out her cell phone and paged CERN’s infirmary. Langdon felt like a ship on the periphery of a storm†¦ tossed but detached. Meet me at Leonardo da Vinci Airport. Kohler’s words echoed. The uncertain shadows that had fogged Langdon’s mind all morning, in a single instant, solidified into a vivid image. As he stood there in the swirl of confusion, he felt a door inside him open†¦ as if some mystic threshold had just been breached. The ambigram. The murdered priest/scientist. The antimatter. And now†¦ the target. Leonardo da Vinci Airport could only mean one thing. In a moment of stark realization, Langdon knew he had just crossed over. He had become a believer. Five kilotons. Let there be light. Two paramedics materialized, racing across the atrium in white smocks. They knelt by Kohler, putting an oxygen mask on his face. Scientists in the hall stopped and stood back. Kohler took two long pulls, pushed the mask aside, and still gasping for air, looked up at Vittoria and Langdon. â€Å"Rome.† â€Å"Rome?† Vittoria demanded. â€Å"The antimatter is in Rome? Who called?† Kohler’s face was twisted, his gray eyes watering. â€Å"The Swiss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He choked on the words, and the paramedics put the mask back over his face. As they prepared to take him away, Kohler reached up and grabbed Langdon’s arm. Langdon nodded. He knew. â€Å"Go†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kohler wheezed beneath his mask. â€Å"Go†¦ call me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then the paramedics were rolling him away. Vittoria stood riveted to the floor, watching him go. Then she turned to Langdon. â€Å"Rome? But†¦ what was that about the Swiss?† Langdon put a hand on her shoulder, barely whispering the words. â€Å"The Swiss Guard,† he said. â€Å"The sworn sentinels of Vatican City.† 31 The X-33 space plane roared into the sky and arched south toward Rome. On board, Langdon sat in silence. The last fifteen minutes had been a blur. Now that he had finished briefing Vittoria on the Illuminati and their covenant against the Vatican, the scope of this situation was starting to sink in. What the hell am I doing? Langdon wondered. I should have gone home when I had the chance! Deep down, though, he knew he’d never had the chance. Langdon’s better judgment had screamed at him to return to Boston. Nonetheless, academic astonishment had somehow vetoed prudence. Everything he had ever believed about the demise of the Illuminati was suddenly looking like a brilliant sham. Part of him craved proof. Confirmation. There was also a question of conscience. With Kohler ailing and Vittoria on her own, Langdon knew that if his knowledge of the Illuminati could assist in any way, he had a moral obligation to be here. There was more, though. Although Langdon was ashamed to admit it, his initial horror on hearing about the antimatter’s location was not only the danger to human life in Vatican City, but for something else as well. Art. The world’s largest art collection was now sitting on a time bomb. The Vatican Museum housed over 60,000 priceless pieces in 1,407 rooms – Michelangelo, da Vinci, Bernini, Botticelli. Langdon wondered if all of the art could possibly be evacuated if necessary. He knew it was impossible. Many of the pieces were sculptures weighing tons. Not to mention, the greatest treasures were architectural – the Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica, Michelangelo’s famed spiral staircase leading to the Museo Vaticano – priceless testaments to man’s creative genius. Langdon wondered how much time was left on the canister. â€Å"Thanks for coming,† Vittoria said, her voice quiet. Langdon emerged from his daydream and looked up. Vittoria was sitting across the aisle. Even in the stark fluorescent light of the cabin, there was an aura of composure about her – an almost magnetic radiance of wholeness. Her breathing seemed deeper now, as if a spark of self-preservation had ignited within her†¦ a craving for justice and retribution, fueled by a daughter’s love. Vittoria had not had time to change from her shorts and sleeveless top, and her tawny legs were now goose-bumped in the cold of the plane. Instinctively Langdon removed his jacket and offered it to her. â€Å"American chivalry?† She accepted, her eyes thanking him silently. The plane jostled across some turbulence, and Langdon felt a surge of danger. The windowless cabin felt cramped again, and he tried to imagine himself in an open field. The notion, he realized, was ironic. He had been in an open field when it had happened. Crushing darkness. He pushed the memory from his mind. Ancient history. Vittoria was watching him. â€Å"Do you believe in God, Mr. Langdon?† The question startled him. The earnestness in Vittoria’s voice was even more disarming than the inquiry. Do I believe in God? He had hoped for a lighter topic of conversation to pass the trip. A spiritual conundrum, Langdon thought. That’s what my friends call me. Although he studied religion for years, Langdon was not a religious man. He respected the power of faith, the benevolence of churches, the strength religion gave to many people†¦ and yet, for him, the intellectual suspension of disbelief that was imperative if one were truly going to â€Å"believe† had always proved too big an obstacle for his academic mind. â€Å"I want to believe,† he heard himself say. Vittoria’s reply carried no judgment or challenge. â€Å"So why don’t you?† He chuckled. â€Å"Well, it’s not that easy. Having faith requires leaps of faith, cerebral acceptance of miracles – immaculate conceptions and divine interventions. And then there are the codes of conduct. The Bible, the Koran, Buddhist scripture†¦ they all carry similar requirements – and similar penalties. They claim that if I don’t live by a specific code I will go to hell. I can’t imagine a God who would rule that way.† â€Å"I hope you don’t let your students dodge questions that shamelessly.† The comment caught him off guard. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Mr. Langdon, I did not ask if you believe what man says about God. I asked if you believed in God. There is a difference. Holy scripture is stories†¦ legends and history of man’s quest to understand his own need for meaning. I am not asking you to pass judgment on literature. I am asking if you believe in God. When you lie out under the stars, do you sense the divine? Do you feel in your gut that you are staring up at the work of God’s hand?† Langdon took a long moment to consider it. â€Å"I’m prying,† Vittoria apologized. â€Å"No, I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Certainly you must debate issues of faith with your classes.† â€Å"Endlessly.† â€Å"And you play devil’s advocate, I imagine. Always fueling the debate.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"You must be a teacher too.† â€Å"No, but I learned from a master. My father could argue two sides of a Mobius Strip.† Langdon laughed, picturing the artful crafting of a Mobius Strip – a twisted ring of paper, which technically possessed only one side. Langdon had first seen the single-sided shape in the artwork of M. C. Escher. â€Å"May I ask you a question, Ms. Vetra?† â€Å"Call me Vittoria. Ms. Vetra makes me feel old.† He sighed inwardly, suddenly sensing his own age. â€Å"Vittoria, I’m Robert.† â€Å"You had a question.† â€Å"Yes. As a scientist and the daughter of a Catholic priest, what do you think of religion?† Vittoria paused, brushing a lock of hair from her eyes. â€Å"Religion is like language or dress. We gravitate toward the practices with which we were raised. In the end, though, we are all proclaiming the same thing. That life has meaning. That we are grateful for the power that created us.† Langdon was intrigued. â€Å"So you’re saying that whether you are a Christian or a Muslim simply depends on where you were born?† â€Å"Isn’t it obvious? Look at the diffusion of religion around the globe.† â€Å"So faith is random?† â€Å"Hardly. Faith is universal. Our specific methods for understanding it are arbitrary. Some of us pray to Jesus, some of us go to Mecca, some of us study subatomic particles. In the end we are all just searching for truth, that which is greater than ourselves.† Langdon wished his students could express themselves so clearly. Hell, he wished he could express himself so clearly. â€Å"And God?† he asked. â€Å"Do you believe in God?† Vittoria was silent for a long time. â€Å"Science tells me God must exist. My mind tells me I will never understand God. And my heart tells me I am not meant to.† How’s that for concise, he thought. â€Å"So you believe God is fact, but we will never understand Him.† â€Å"Her,† she said with a smile. â€Å"Your Native Americans had it right.† Langdon chuckled. â€Å"Mother Earth.† â€Å"Gaea. The planet is an organism. All of us are cells with different purposes. And yet we are intertwined. Serving each other. Serving the whole.† Looking at her, Langdon felt something stir within him that he had not felt in a long time. There was a bewitching clarity in her eyes†¦ a purity in her voice. He felt drawn. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, let me ask you another question.† â€Å"Robert,† he said. Mr. Langdon makes me feel old. I am old! â€Å"If you don’t mind my asking, Robert, how did you get involved with the Illuminati?† Langdon thought back. â€Å"Actually, it was money.† Vittoria looked disappointed. â€Å"Money? Consulting, you mean?† Langdon laughed, realizing how it must have sounded. â€Å"No. Money as in currency.† He reached in his pants pocket and pulled out some money. He found a one-dollar bill. â€Å"I became fascinated with the cult when I first learned that U.S. currency is covered with Illuminati symbology.† Vittoria’s eyes narrowed, apparently not knowing whether or not to take him seriously. Langdon handed her the bill. â€Å"Look at the back. See the Great Seal on the left?† Vittoria turned the one-dollar bill over. â€Å"You mean the pyramid?† â€Å"The pyramid. Do you know what pyramids have to do with U.S. history?† Vittoria shrugged. â€Å"Exactly,† Langdon said. â€Å"Absolutely nothing.† Vittoria frowned. â€Å"So why is it the central symbol of your Great Seal?† â€Å"An eerie bit of history,† Langdon said. â€Å"The pyramid is an occult symbol representing a convergence upward, toward the ultimate source of Illumination. See what’s above it?† Vittoria studied the bill. â€Å"An eye inside a triangle.† â€Å"It’s called the trinacria. Have you ever seen that eye in a triangle anywhere else?† Vittoria was silent a moment. â€Å"Actually, yes, but I’m not sure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It’s emblazoned on Masonic lodges around the world.† â€Å"The symbol is Masonic?† â€Å"Actually, no. It’s Illuminati. They called it their ‘shining delta.’ A call for enlightened change. The eye signifies the Illuminati’s ability to infiltrate and watch all things. The shining triangle represents enlightenment. And the triangle is also the Greek letter delta, which is the mathematical symbol for – â€Å" â€Å"Change. Transition.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"I forgot I was talking to a scientist.† â€Å"So you’re saying the U.S. Great Seal is a call for enlightened, all-seeing change?† â€Å"Some would call it a New World Order.† Vittoria seemed startled. She glanced down at the bill again. â€Å"The writing under the pyramid says Novus†¦ Ordo†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Novus Ordo Seculorum,† Langdon said. â€Å"It means New Secular Order.† â€Å"Secular as in non religious?† â€Å"Nonreligious. The phrase not only clearly states the Illuminati objective, but it also blatantly contradicts the phrase beside it. In God We Trust.† Vittoria seemed troubled. â€Å"But how could all this symbology end up on the most powerful currency in the world?† â€Å"Most academics believe it was through Vice President Henry Wallace. He was an upper echelon Mason and certainly had ties to the Illuminati. Whether it was as a member or innocently under their influence, nobody knows. But it was Wallace who sold the design of the Great Seal to the president.† â€Å"How? Why would the president have agreed to – â€Å" â€Å"The president was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wallace simply told him Novus Ordo Seculorum meant New Deal.† Vittoria seemed skeptical. â€Å"And Roosevelt didn’t have anyone else look at the symbol before telling the Treasury to print it?† â€Å"No need. He and Wallace were like brothers.† â€Å"Brothers?† â€Å"Check your history books,† Langdon said with a smile. â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt was a well-known Mason.† How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 28-31, Essay examples

Robert Frost - Natural Symbolism Essays - Poetic Form, Birches

Robert Frost - Natural Symbolism Birches Robert Frost is a modern poet whose poetry is written to be easily understood and read as though it were everyday speech. He uses free verse to tell of his love and respect for nature. He also utilizes natural symbolism in a lot of his writings. He has written about rural landscape and wildlife so much that people often refer to his as a nature poet. In the poem Birches, Frost utilizes natural symbolism to explain how heaven is the ideal realm of purity and light, a place in which we can aspire to. He also explains how the tension between earthly satisfactions and higher aspirations emerges from the recollection of a childhood game. The use of unrhymed iambic pentameter helps Frost illustrate his personal experiences of loneliness, love, and desire. Frost's description of loneliness is provided immediately after he first refers to himself with his specific description in Line 20. There he states, I should prefer to have some boy bend (the birches). He describes the loneliness of his youth, writing that he was a boy on a farm too far from town to learn baseball whose only play was found in him. As a young boy, Frosts only amusement was to swing from the birches. His attempts to conquer loneliness were demonstrated through the vehicle of the birches. Frost goes on to describe perhaps the most valuable lesson he learned as a child trying to overcome loneliness, the lesson of practice makes perfect. Frost states He always kept his poise to the top of the branches climbing carefully with...pains...Then he flung outward, feet first, with a swish kicking his way down through the air to the ground. He learned here that there are times in life when one will conquer a situation be done with it, and fly joyfully away knowing that one has c onquered it. Frost also uses Birches to illustrate his experiences with love. He has apparently been hurt by love before, stating, I'd like to get away from earth and then come back to it and begin over. May no fate willfully misunderstand me And half grant what I wish and snatch me away not to return. Apparently his heart has been broken by a lost love. He may think this is because he submitted vulnerably to her, but if he had a chance to do it again, he might not submit himself so much to the next thief. However, he definitely has the desire to achieve love. His desire to achieve is described when he states how he would like to achieve love. Frost states, I'd like to go by climbing a birch tree, and climb...toward heaven (the top or ultimate of his desire, be it love or something else) till the tree (or the world) could bear not more, but dipped its tip and set me down again. He is possibly stating that no matter what life one pursues, one can use the world as a tree that one can climb to the top, but realize that at a certain point, the world will no longer be able to support one. Frost ends his poem stating his satisfaction with overcoming loneliness and love and benefiting from the desire to achieve by writing, One could do worse than be a swinger of birches. Birches is written beautifully in blank verse, even though each line is in iambic pentameter. The absence of rhyme scheme implies that a poet must compensate for this in other ways. Frosts does this wonderfully with the use of enjambment and imagery in his poem. This can be seen in his explanation of the appearance of the birches. Frost explains the appearance of the birches scientifically implying that natural phenomenon makes the branches bend and sway. Frost also lends sound to his description of the branches as they click upon themselves as the breeze rises. Frost explains the branches are bent by the ice, but do not break. Frost again adds beautiful imagery comparing the bent branches trailing their leaves on the ground to girls on hands and knees throwing their hair before them to dry in the sun. Poetry

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Claudia Enc Essay examples Claudia Enc Essay examples Claudia, Garcia SEP/4/2014 ENC 1101 Prof- D. Budinger Shooting an Elephant The story was primarily about a British man and his feelings about living in a conquered territory. He was a sub -divisional police officer of the town but he feel out of place in the community. People didn’t like him because he is a British. He had to do things that he didn’t like it to make conflicts himself. When he mentions that he killed an elephant I feel his pain of conscience. The elephant destroyed a village before it died. He didn’t want to kill the elephant but he was forced to kill it because the people want to eat it. The villagers were furious about all the mess and Orwell was called to restore the order before anything, or anyone, was hurt. While this adventure runs, he decided to kill the animal because he thought that was the best. But he knew that killing the elephant was wrong because the elephant was not doing anything to the people just cause a mess. But he did it to show the society solidarity among the villagers as a m an of authority. He knew what people wanted, and he wanted their acceptance for the reason of being the only Indian in the community. Orwell should have waited to consult the owner about what he wanted to do about the animal. Orwell uses

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Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of Love and Beauty Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty, love, and sexuality. She is sometimes known as the Cyprian because there was a cult center of Aphrodite on Cyprus [See Map Jc-d]. Aphrodite is the mother of the god of love, Eros (more familiar as Cupid). She is the wife of the ugliest of the gods, Hephaestus. Unlike the powerful virginal goddesses, Athena and Artemis, or the faithful goddess of marriage, Hera, she has love affairs with gods and mortals. Aphrodites birth story makes her relation to the other gods and goddesses of Mt. Olympus ambiguous. Family of Origin Hesiod says Aphrodite arose from the foam that gathered around the genitals of Uranus. They just happened to be floating in the sea after his son Cronus castrated his father. The poet known as Homer calls Aphrodite the daughter of Zeus and Dione. She is also described as the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys (both Titans). If Aphrodite is the cast-offspring of Uranus, she is of the same generation as Zeus parents. If she is the daughter of the Titans, she is Zeus cousin. Roman Equivalent Aphrodite was called Venus by the Romans as in the famous Venus de Milo statue. Attributes And Associations Mirror, of course she is the goddess of beauty. Also, the apple, which has lots of associations with love or beauty (as in Sleeping Beauty) and especially the golden apple. Aphrodite is associated with a magic girdle (belt), the dove, myrrh and myrtle, the dolphin, and more. In the famous Botticelli painting, Aphrodite is seen rising from a clam shell. Sources Ancient sources for Aphrodite include Apollodorus, Apuleius, Aristophanes, Cicero, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Diodorus Siculus, Euripides, Hesiod, Homer, Hyginus, Nonnius, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Sophocles, Statius, Strabo and Vergil (Virgil). Trojan War and Aeneids Aphrodite / Venus The story of the Trojan War begins with the story of the apple of discord, which naturally was made of gold: Each of 3 goddesses: Hera - marriage goddess and wife of ZeusAthena - Zeus daughter, wisdom goddess, and one of the powerful virginal goddesses mentioned above, andAphrodite thought she deserved the golden apple, by virtue of being kallista the most beautiful. Since the goddesses couldnt decide among themselves and Zeus wasnt willing to suffer the wrath of the females in his family, the goddesses appealed to Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. They asked him to judge which of them was the most beautiful. Paris judged the goddess of beauty to be the loveliest. In return for his verdict, Aphrodite promised Paris the fairest woman. Unfortunately, this fairest mortal was Helen of Sparta, wife of Menelaus. Paris took the prize that had been awarded him by Aphrodite, despite her prior commitments, and so started the most famous war in history, that between the Greeks and Trojans. Vergil or Virgils Aeneid tells a Trojan War sequel story about a surviving Trojan prince, Aeneas, transporting his household gods from the burning city of Troy to Italy, where he founds the race of the Romans. In the Aeneid, the Roman version of Aphrodite, Venus, is Aeneas mother. In the Iliad, she protected her son, even at the cost of suffering a wound inflicted by Diomedes.

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Critical Response 2 - Research Paper Example The suspension of Frederick is nullified as it did not cross the ethical and moral boundaries. What it did was to inculcate among others Frederick’s own sentiments which were flawed in their own right. He did not know what he was inculcating, and hence is not charged for the same. Had he known he was doing something irresponsible, and still committed to the act, he would have been charged in a manner which was seemingly fit. Therefore I acquit Frederick of any charges against him which are a result of the hate that exists in line with drugs and their usage. I give him the margin as he can spend his life with a sense of understanding and people shall empathize with him in the coming times. In all fairness and going by the rule of law, Frederick stands not guilty and is therefore free from all charges and banishments against him. References Burns, S. L. & Peyrot, M., 2010. Standardizing social problems solutions: The case of court-supervised drug treatment. Research in Social Pr oblems and Public Policy, 17 Giles, S. M., 2010. Coaching to enhance quality of implementation in prevention. Health Education, 110 Reid, L., 2010. The state of public research on over-the-counter drug advertising.

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Personal Values Development Paper - Essay Example Values may differ between individuals and values emerge because we are not satisfied with something at some point in life. Values affect decisions and actions in our life. It is important to understand them and ensure that our behavior is in line with the values that we have. The first institution that we inculcate value from is the family. I grew up in a big family including grandparents and this instilled in me the importance of a family in the development of an individual. I learnt to value human beings above things; I learnt to value relationships above everything else. Values have immense power to energize everything concerned with it (Gurunet, n.d.) and applying values releases fresh energies. Through a family we learn to share the joys and sorrows; we learn what it means to have someone by your side. Family value to me is way above the conservative ideology where religion is the source of morality and nuclear family is the essential (Wikipedia). It is even above the liberals’ view of affordable child care and family planning. To me a family is the first priority and the family teaches us the value of sacrifice, the importance of sharing, the joy of receiving and the pleasure in giving. A family teaches us to live in harmony – harmony not just with others but harmony within our own self. We learn to live in peace with our self. The human mind is a bundle of thoughts and emotions and constantly reeling under an agony of indecision. The family teaches us to live in harmony with our own self. We learn to respect each other; we understand that even a small child of 3-4 years needs to be respected and should be respected. As I grew up and went to school, I interacted with children from different walks of life and strata of society. I realized people do not always say what they mean. They often want to hide something, or many times to save themselves or others. I contemplated and realized that if one has to lie in order to save

Macbeths Tragedy :: essays research papers

Shakespeare is perhaps most noted for his many tragic plays. One of his most acclaimed works Macbeth, is a great example of this. In Macbeth by William Shakespeare there are many incidents within the play that agree with the fact that Macbeth’s greatest tragedy is the deterioration of its main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The most prominent reason for the fact that Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s character is decaying is noticed with the hallucinations that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth experience as a result of guilt. The decline of their character is manifested into the inability to remain true to ones character, delusional behavior, and a conscience that only works once the harm is committed. Guilt should be held accountable for the degradation of what would have been one of the most courageous and honorable characters in all of Shakespeare’s plays. The guilt that causes the delusional state in both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begins with the questioning of Macbeth’s ambition and capacity to obtain what he wants. Lady Macbeth first sells out her position by following the words of the weird sisters that predict that Macbeth will become king. After allowing the prophecy overcome her, Lady Macbeth convinces herself that she will do anything to make sure that the prediction is followed out. She states, " Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowned withal." Macbeth’s ineptness in remaining loyal to his self is evident when Lady Macbeth attacks his ego by negotiating with him that the murder will make him a better man, â€Å"When you durst do it, ten you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man.† Thus, Lady Macbeth is as responsible for the death becau se she was the one that convinced Macbeth to continue the plan to execute King Duncan. Also passion and greed govern their souls and their common sense, they forget that the world does not revolve around them and what they wish to accomplish. The murders, which would to any sane person seem grotesque becomes a normal thing to them as if nothing more than washing ones hands. Macbeth is originally courageous and a godlike figure with great success in the battlefield who descends to scum by the end of the play.

Impacts of Alcoholism on Family Welfare Essay

CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction This chapter contains the background of the problem, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, justification of the study, limitations of the study, the scope of the study and the conceptual framework. 1. 2 Background to the Problem Seventy percent of Kenyan families are affected by alcoholism (Simiyu, 2006). Man has, over time, indeed come to acknowledge the fact that alcoholism is indeed destructive to the human race. This explains the reason as to why numerous studies have been conducted and some are still underway in relations to various areas where alcoholism is indeed a major threat. It is however important to note that most of these studies are mainly centered on the alcoholic. Alcoholism is a term that has many and sometimes conflicting definitions. In current and historic usage, alcoholism refers to a condition that results from continued consumption of alcohol despite the social and medical impacts that are raised by the vice. Alcoholism also referred to, in the nineteenth century and partly in the twentieth century, as dipsomania, may also refer to pre-occupation with or compulsion towards the consumption of alcohol and/or impaired ability to recognize the negative impacts of excessive alcohol consumption. The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines the word alcoholism as a medical condition that makes it difficult to control the amount of alcohol you drink. 1. 2. 0 Alcoholism The dictionary definition of alcoholism is, a disorder characterized by the excessive consumption of and dependence on alcoholic beverages leading to physical and physiological harm and impaired social and vocational functionality. The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research defines alcoholism as 1 a layman’s term for alcohol dependence and abuse. The medical encyclopedia defines alcoholism as a popular term for two disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependent. The definition of alcoholism adopted for this study was a disorder that involves long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive and excessive use of alcoholic beverages that impairs the drinker’s health and social relations. In this study alcoholism was characterized by frequent drinking, drinking five or more days in a week. 1. 2. 1 Family Welfare The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines a family as a group of people who live together and are all related to one another, usually consisting of parents and children. It also defines welfare as the health and happiness of people. The definition of family welfare adopted in this study encompassed physical and psychological health, finances, employment, social life and relationships Velleman, (as cited at www.alcoholandfamilies. org). Family welfare was characterized by economy, health and safety, legal proceedings, marriage stability, responsibilities, and withdrawal. The Macmillan dictionary (2002) defines economy as the careful use of money, products or time that very little is wasted. Family economy in this study was characterized by the amount of money spent on alcohol, investment ventures and savings in respect to individual’s income. The dictionary definition of health is the condition of your body especially whether or not you are ill. Safety on the other hand refers to the fact that a thing is safe. For purpose of this study health and safety was characterized by instances of alcohol related illness or disorders, domestic violence both on women and children attributable to alcohol, accidents or any other act done which exposed the individual to harm as a result of the influence of alcohol on the person (Alcoholic) or on the family, and psychological state. 2 Responsibility is defined by the Macmillan dictionary (2002), as a state of being in charge of someone or something and of making sure that they do or what happens to them is right or satisfactory. In the study responsibility was characterized by instances of family roles of individuals (for example paying school fees by the parents), good physical and psychological availability for the family, work problems due to alcohol and its consequent negative impacts (Alcoholism). Marriage stability is a situation where marriage can raise up beyond the challenges which can lead to its break-up (Akem, 2009). For purpose of this study marriage stability was characterized by instances of divorce, separation, quarrels and disagreements. Withdrawal is to no longer take part in something or stop someone from taking part (Macmillan 2002). The definition of withdrawal adopted for this study was helping the person to get rid of his/her body off alcohol as well as the harmful physical effects of alcohol, Schuckit & mace, (as cited at www. answers. com) Withdrawal in this study was characterized by attempted instances to stop alcohol consumption by either the individual or third party efforts and the respective challenges posed by the same. 1. 2. 2 Alcoholism Unmasked Up-to 50 percent of murders involves alcohol, and three or more people die in Britain due to alcohol (Holden, 1996). Approximately fourteen million people in the United States of America are alcoholics, alcohol being the third leading killer in the United States, killing twenty thousand people and injuring 1. 5 million due to drunk drivers, Drink, (as cited in Katherine, 2009). Drink also reported that 65 percent of the aggressive attacks against women involve use of alcohol by the offender with more than 60 percent of the homicides involving the use of alcohol by either the offender or the victim. According to Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) alcohol abuse affects 70 percent of families in Kenya. 3 In November 2001, over 140 people died and scores of others lost their sight after consuming an illegal laced drink. In June 2005 illegal brew laced with industrial alcohol caused the deaths of 49 people and more than 174 people were hospitalized after drinking the home made Kwona-Mbee, literally ‘see the way ahead’, brew containing methanol a toxic wood alcohol added to the concoction to give it more kick (Simiyu, 2006). According to a study carried out by WHO (2004) involving 188 patients evaluated after motor vehicle crashes in all hospitals located in Eldoret found out that 23. 4 percent were blood alcohol concentration (BAC) positive and 12. 2 percent were intoxicated. This research work indicates the impacts of alcoholism on health and safety of the alcoholic, but they fail to mention the impacts of this disorder in the family setting. Holden (1996), states that alcohol does no good for the economy, costing the British industry 1. 7 British billion pounds. There thus existed need to establish a clear link between family economy and alcoholism. About a third of alcoholics recover whether they are in treatment program or not, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). Studies from the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA) in United States of America indicate that of all drugs, withdrawal from alcohol differs most significantly. This is so because it can be directly fatal, with an alcoholic having no serious situations having a significant risk of dying from the direct effect of withdrawal if not managed properly. This established the need to investigate how withdrawal as an aspect of family welfare is affected by alcoholism. One in three divorces is due to behavioral problems linked to drinking (Holden, 1996). In Kenya, most domestic misunderstandings are attributed to alcohol, (Simiyu, 2006). The study, therefore sought to find out the impact of alcohol on marriage stability. 4 1. 3 Statement of the Problem Research has shown that alcohol indeed has major impacts on the life of its victims. Indeed no man is an island; hence an alcoholic does not live in isolation. It is therefore expected that whereas alcohol is not good for the drunkard, it is also not good for the family of the drinker. It robs them the morally upright person that they looked up to. What might be the various aspects of the family that might be affected by having an alcoholic in the family? According to Cork, (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org), researchers have often shown much concern for the alcoholic, while overlooking his/her family. There was therefore need to determine the various aspects of the family that were affected by having an alcoholic in the family. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to investigate and establish the nature of relationship that existed between alcoholism and various aspects of family welfare of reforming alcoholics in Suneka division, using case study research design with a view of bringing to the light the intensity of alcoholism in our society. Alcoholism was characterised by frequent drinking, drinking five or more days per week. Family welfare was characterised by family health and safety, family economy, responsibility, marriage stability, instances of legal proceedings and withdrawal. 1. 5 Research Objectives The research sought to establish the impacts of alcoholism on family welfare by specifically finding out: 1. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family economy. 2. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability. 3. The challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety. 5 4. Problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism. 5. The impacts and frequency of alcoholism influence on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family. 6. The link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities. 1. 6 Research Questions In order to establish the kind of relationship that existed between alcoholism and family welfare, the research was guided by the following research questions: 1. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family economy? 2. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on marriage stability? 3. What are the challenges posed by the negative impacts of alcoholism on family health and safety? 4. What are the problems associated with withdrawal from alcoholism? 5. What is the impact and frequency of alcoholism on legal proceedings perpetrated against alcoholics within the family? 6. What is the link between alcoholism and neglect of responsibilities? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The findings of the research sought to help: 1. Site out the impact of alcoholism in the local context which will act as an eye opener to the stakeholders concerned for instance the Ministry of Health, Human rights activists and the entire NGO community to see the need to help the affected parties. 2. Occasion, as a result, setting up of appropriate programs to help curb the menace caused by alcoholism, for instance setting up a rehabilitation centre. 3. Alcoholics see the need to stop taking alcohol, having realized the pain they inflict on their families. 6 1. 8 Limitations of the Study The study was based on a sample size of 30 respondents drawn from an accessible population which consists of individuals from Suneka community in Kisii south district. Owing to scarcity of resources, precautions should therefore be taken while generalizing findings of this research to other localities. This may be majorly due to environmental and social factors that may factor in to invalidate the findings. 1. 9 The Scope of the Study The study primarily focused on the impact of alcoholism on family welfare, a case study of Suneka division, Kisii south district, Nyanza province in Kenya. The study was based on a sample of 30 respondents and was conducted between the months of February and March 2009. 7 1. 10 Conceptual Framework ALCOHOLISM FAMILY WELFARE FAMILY HEALTH AND SAFETY MARRIAGE STABILITY FAMILY ECONOMY ALCOHOLISM RESPONSIBILITY WITHDRAWAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS Fig. 1. 0 A conceptual framework on the relationship between alcoholism and family welfare. The study sought to find out the relationship that existed between alcoholism and components of family welfare namely: family health and safety, marriage stability, family economy, withdrawal, and the legal implications. 8 CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction This chapter contains past studies in relation to alcohol and alcoholism. It has also highlighted the historical background. It particularly focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the economy, health and safety, legal implications, marriage stability, withdrawal and responsibilities which were the pillars of this study right from the global, continental and local point of view. It also contains the critical review and the summary. 2. 2 Past Studies This section will shade light on the historical background of alcoholism, researched impacts, and the global, continental and local implications here in Kenya. 2. 2. 0 Historical Background The word alcoholism was first introduced by a Swedish physician Magnus Huss (1849) to mean poisoning by alcohol. It was later mentioned in France by M. Gabriel (1866) in his medical dissertation. This marked the evolution of the word alcoholism (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library/psychoanalysisdictionary). The most rigorous definition of an alcoholic (a person suffering from alcoholism) is the one provide by Pierre Fouquet, â€Å"An Alcoholic is any man or woman who has lost the ability to do without alcohol. † The production of alcohol dates back, to around 1400-1600 BC (Before Christ), in the Munainus region between black and Caspian seas. Commercial production of alcohol was well underway by 1500 BC, Court Wright, (as cited at www. asnwers. com/library). Alcohol is probably the oldest drug known to humanity. It was easy for the primitive people to discover that fruits and juices left to stand in warm places easily fermented to form alcoholic mixtures. Alcohol production is mainly founded on yeast cells, which in presence of warmth and 9 water continue to grow by using up the sugar until the sugar is finished or alcohol content kills them. Alcohol is a deadly poison and in high enough quantities, it kills all living things including the yeast cells that produce it, Weil & Rosen, (as cited at www. alcoholicsanonymous. org)! It was initially believed (Sigmund Freud, Karl Abraham, Sandor Ferenczi) that alcohol does not create symptoms but only promotes them, removing inhibitions and destroying sublimation (Descombey, 2002). The theory of alcoholism (1905d) is summarized in terms of predominance among men, beginning at the onset of puberty, Sigmund, (as cited at www. answers. com/ library). Magnus the Swedish professor of medicine distinguishes between two types of alcoholism that is, Acute alcoholism, which is due to temporary effects of alcohol taken within a short period of time- drunkenness and intoxication; Chronic alcoholism, which is a condition caused by habitual use of alcoholic beverages in poisonous amounts over a long period of time. Prior to the nineteenth century, alcoholism was seen as a moral weakness or criminal, rather than an illness. The new, â€Å"Disease† approach to alcoholism was started in America perpetrated by the, â€Å"Alcoholism movement. † It consisted of Alcoholics Anonymous (A self help group, setup in 1935), National committee for Education on alcoholism (later The National Council on Alcoholism) and the YALE, centre for alcohol studies. The, â€Å"Alcoholism movement† Quickly spread to Britain and subsequently to the rest of the world (Heather & Robertson, 1997). According to WHO (2004) In Africa, for instance, alcohol related beverages are very predominant among ethnic groups branded in different names passed from one generation to another. Among the common alcoholic beverages are: Chang’aa-Which is common among Samburu pastoralists living in northern Kenya and the whole of Kenya at large. In fact the word seems to have gained a national appeal in Kenya along with Busaa which are often used in Kisii among 10 the Gusii community. Others include: Palm wine (common along the Kenyan coast), banana beer (made from a fermented mixture of banana and sorghum flour) and Muratina (made from sugarcane and Muratina fruit-a fruit grown in Kenya). Among the Gusii community, the common alcoholic beverages used from times immemorial include Chang’aa and Busaa. Chang’aa is a distilled product resulting from malted millet, maize or sorghum alongside molasses the mixture of which has been fermented for a number of days, for instance a week. The fermented malted millet, maize or sorghum mixture in its crude state (nondistilled) produces Busaa. 2. 2. 1 Global Impact 2. 2. 1. 0 Health Alcohol has raised major attention on the international ground mainly due to its negative impacts in the society. Topping the list is the link between alcohol and its impact on health. It is important to note that alcohol on its own can cause a medical disorder known as alcoholism which was the pillar stone of this study. Studies indicate that alcoholism can arise in a genetic disorder which can be transferred to the offspring of the victim just like any other genetic disorders. It is estimated that 60 percent of those who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it, Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). Hamgin and others (1999) also reported that there is a high frequency of alcoholics in first degree relatives of alcoholics. Research has shown that alcohol damages various organs in our bodies resulting to chronic diseases. Some of these organs include: 1. The Liver: Excessive consumption of alcohol results to liver cirrhosis and liver hepatitis. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver while liver cirrhosis is a liver ailment that interferes with the liver’s normal structure and function. Both diseases can be fatal 11 2. Blood: Excessive consumption of alcohol interferes with both the structure and function of blood. High quantities of alcohol damages red blood cells making them to become abnormally large as well as the destruction of white blood cells which results to low immunity whereas damaging of red blood cells may lead to cancer in extremities (NIAAA). The NIAAA in the United States of America suggests that a connection exists between heavy alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk. In fact 3. 56 percent cancer cases all over the world are related to alcohol drinking resulting to 3. 5 percent of all cancer deaths. 3. Heart and circulatory system: Alcohol drinking affects these body systems causing such disease as heart attacks, stroke (which arises when a blood clot from the heart enters the circulatory system into the brain blocking blood circulation in the brain) Alcohol is also not good for pregnant women for it can lead to various birth disorders such as, Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). These are permanent birth defects on off-springs of women who consume material alcohol during pregnancy (NIAAA). Other health implications include Sexual dysfunction and epilepsy and in extremities even causing death directly. Despite the numerous researches on the implications of alcohol on health, not much has been done on the frequency of such health implications on families affected by alcoholism. However, for an alcoholic it is important to note, perhaps not for his/her sake but for the children’s sake, that if they continue the path to alcoholism they are putting their children at the exposure to this disorder since comprehensive studies have shown that children of alcoholics’ show a three-to-four times risk of developing the disorder. Recent studies have proved that alcoholism is 40 to 60 percent attributed to genes, leaving 40 to 50 percent on environmental influences, Schuckit; Anthenelle Schuckit, (as cited in Schonbeck, 2004). Alcohol is not also good for the brain causing psychological harm in the long run with instances such 12 as depression and anxiety with as many as 25 percent of alcoholics presenting severe psychiatric disturbances. Alcohol effect reveals an overall sluggish brain activity (Revolution health, 2007). 2. 2. 1. 1 Safety Alcoholism has also raised eye blows in relation to its influence on safety in the society. Top on this list is road accidents. Indeed in most accidents grossly impaired judgment reduced reflex activity and reduced visual perception all play their part. In the United States 41 percent of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related. On average, alcohol related motor vehicle accidents occur after every 30 minutes injuring 500,000 Americans yearly with 30 percent of all Americans involved in such accidents at one time during their life time while 50 percent of such trauma cases end up dead, (www. niaaa. nih. gov). According to Santrock (2005), 60 percent of homicides involve use of alcohol by either the offender or victim and 20 percent of suicide cases involve use of alcohol by the victim, with 65 percent of aggressive instances against women involving the use of alcohol by the offender. Santrock also reports that alcohol increases instances of aggressiveness; to be precise alcoholics are more easily provoked when drunk than when they are sober to unleash harsh words, throw a punch or pull a trigger of a gun, Dougherty, Benelt & others; Fale-Steward, golden & Schumacher, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). According to Seto & Barbaree (as cited in Santrock, 2005), it is unfortunate that the people who are already prone to aggression are also the ones who are likely to drink and then become violent when they become intoxicated! People under the influence of alcohol, almost commit half of the rapes and other violent crimes, Abbey, Ross& McDuffie; Abbey & others, (as cited in Santrock, 2005). All these comprehensive research focuses on the impacts of alcoholism on the alcoholic’s safety but fails to shade light on the suffering which the family has to undergo as 13 a result. Equally most of these research findings do not bring out clearly the frequency of such hazards among families of alcoholics’. 2. 2. 1. 2 Marriage Stability It is estimated that more than 40 percent of separated or divorced women were married to or live with a problem drinker with more than three fourths of non-fatal female victims of domestic violence having reported that the assailant had been drinking (www. alcohlics-info. com). According to Holden (1996) one in every three divorces are attributed to alcohol drinking. It is clear while alcohol seems to be a clear threat to stability in marriages it is unclear, on where exactly it impairs on marriage stability. 2. 2. 1. 3 Responsibility It is estimated that a bulk of 10 percent work force in the United Kingdom have problems due to alcohol (Holden, 1996). According to Velleman, alcohol affects the quality of parenting, although the aspects of quality of parenting are not well defined (as cited at www. alcoholandfamilies. org). At the prime of alcoholism the alcoholic manifests an utter disregard to everything, including shelter, family, food, and job. These occasional flights into oblivion are best described, ironically, as, ‘Drinking to get away from the problems’ caused by drinking (www. alcoholics-info. com). These studies indicate a clear link between alcoholism and the role it plays in the execution of responsibilities at large but fails to pin-point the particular impact of alcoholism on family responsibilities and the frequency of the items mentioned above in a family setting. Santrock (2005), acknowledges the fact that binge drinking, usually associated with high BAC, to be associated with class absences, physical injuries, trouble with police and unprotected sex all instances of neglect of responsibilities by children (college students) who are a unit of the family. 14 2. 2. 1. 4 Legal Implications There are at least fifty thousand recognized alcoholics in Victoria-Australia, with one-hundred thousand drunk and disorderly convictions each year (Wright, 1991). Drinking at inappropriate times can lead to legal proceedings such as Drinking and driving, beyond the legal set limits, or public disorder. According to NIAAA (1997) forty percent of assaults are alcohol related. About 3/4 of all prisoners in 1997 were involved in alcohol or drug abuse in some way leading to their current offence (United States Department of Justice Statistics, 1997). From research already conducted there seems to be a link between alcohol and crime but on the other side no studies exists on the frequency of legal situations encountered by alcoholics in a family setting or their families or challenges faced by such families when faced by such occurrences. 2. 2. 1. 5 Withdrawal Unlike withdrawal from other drugs, withdrawal from alcohol differs most significantly from other drugs, since it can be directly fatal (NIAAA, 1997). For example it is extremely rare for heroin or cocaine withdrawal to be fatal. When people die from heroin or cocaine withdrawal they typically have serious underlying health problems which are made worse by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic however, who has no serious health, issues has a significant risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if it is not properly managed. When alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the person’s nervous system suffers from great brain imbalances. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure. During withdrawal especially acute withdrawal symptoms tend to subside after 1 – 3 weeks. Less severe symptoms (e. g. insomnia and anxiety) may continue as part of a post withdrawal syndrome gradually improving with abstinence for a year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to subside as the body and central nervous system makes adaptations to reverse tolerance and restore 15 functions towards normal body functioning. It is evident that from completed research the habitual user experiences hangover (a combination of head ache, nausea, fatigue and depression) a situation which may be very challenging. According to Hamigan & others, (as cited in Thom, 2009) one in nine individuals who drink continue the path to alcoholism. However, according to Vallant, (as cited in Santrock, 2005) by the age of 65 a third of alcoholics are dead or in terrible shape; a third is still trying to bear addiction and a third is abstinent or drinking only socially. Vallant found the factors leading to successful withdrawal to be predicted by: 1. Having a strong negative experience with alcohol, for instance serious medical emergency 2. Finding a substitute depends, for instance meditation, exercise or overeating (which also has serious medical implications) 3. Developing a positive relationship such as a caring employer or a new marriage 4. Joining a support group such as Alcoholics anonymous (AA). Vallant acknowledges that more than 18 million patients currently need alcohol treatment and only one fourth ever get treatment for a number of reasons such as lack of availability of such facilities lack of adequate space, limited funding or because drinkers object to the treatment. These studies clearly depict the challenges facing withdrawal from the medical stand point. However, it is important to note that not much has been done on the impacts of withdrawal on the family set-up. 2. 2. 1. 6 Economy Alcohol also does no good for the economy. In 1989 it cost British industry 1. 7 billion United Kingdom pounds (Holden, 1996). According to a recent special report prepared for United States Congress by NIAAA, the impact of alcohol on society including violence, traffic accidents, lost work productivity and premature deaths, cost America in aggregate an estimated 188 billion United States dollars 16 annually. However, not much has been done on the impacts of alcohol on family economy and personal financial management and stability as separate from National or Global economic impacts. 2. 3 Continental Impact The continent Africa is characterized by poverty and unemployment. Extensive research has shown that these factors are a contributory to the start of alcohol intake and consequently alcoholism. African countries have high reported cases of domestic violence which are largely attributed to consumption of alcohol. Since most of the drinking population is poor and they can’t afford ‘expensive and classy’ commercial brands, they have opted for the cheap non-hygienical local brews. The drinking population also spends most of their finances on alcohol leaving their families financially unstable hence their family economy is in a terrible state. Excessive alcohol consumption also causes serious negative effect on fertility in both men and women: decreasing testicular and ovarian size, interfering with sperm and egg production and viability, disrupting menstrual cycles, and reducing libido. When pregnancy is achieved reduced quality of sperm and egg may significantly and permanently affect the quality of life, pre and post-natal, of the child. A child born to an alcohol using woman has a great risk of being born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes distinctive cranial and facial defects, including a smaller head size, shortening of the eyelids, and a lowered brain capability. Developmental disabilities, heart defects, and behavioral problems are also more likely. There has been an outcry among women from Mombasa, a town in the Kenyan coast, that alcohol intake among their men folk is making them incapable of performing their conjugal duties. Alcohol consumption has also caused numerous health hazards within the continental standing similar to what is being experienced globally. Among such diseases common in Africa include: liver disease, physical injuries due to short 17 term effects of alcohol leave alone the psychological ailments that the family of the alcoholic has to go through (Asenjo, 2009). It is however important to note that unlike in western countries, in Africa alcohol is more reserved to the male population. Women who drink are seen as a social vice associated with prostitution and immorality hence, as such alcohol has gained much prevalence among men and as such most alcoholics are men. It is ironical that since times immemorial women have always prepared the brew, but they give it to their male counterparts for consumption. Alcoholism also increases instances of marriage break down due to such factors as domestic violence, neglect of responsibility (a major problem) and the psychological impacts involved mostly among the women fork and the children of the alcoholic husband cum father. However, unlike in the developed countries where there exists, in abundance, institutions dedicated to aid alcoholics shake off their habits, such facilities are very rare in the black continent. These can be attributed to the fact that in most communities, alcohol consumption is regarded as a traditional artifact and as the saying goes, â€Å"Mwacha mila ni mtumwa â€Å"(A Swahili proverb which translates into, â€Å"He who abandons tradition is a foreigner†. Also this can be cited as a reason mainly responsible for low instances of withdrawal in the continent. Withdrawal, if any, is due to ones own efforts or in some instances pressure from a particular class in the community for instance, church or ones own family. It is, however, important to note that despite the ‘naked’ impacts (negative) caused by alcohol all over the continent, not much has been done to better understand the problem from a continental stand point and whatever presumptions that exists about alcoholism, are just mere generalizations, in that case, of what happens in the west to be applicable in Africa as well, which might not always be the case owing to the so obvious cultural and social difference 18 2. 4 Local Impact The devastating effects of alcohol and drugs on young people can be felt bare today. Experts have sounded alarming bells after two studies revealed that school children as young as eleven are falling prey to alcohol. Research at the African Mental Health foundation says that in the last four years the use of alcohol and other drugs among young people has increased by a staggering 71 percent. In Kenya, unrecorded alcohol consumption is estimated to be 5. 0 litres of pure alcohol per capita for population older than 15 years for the years after 1995, estimated by a group of key alcohol experts (WHO, 2004). A 1997 to 1998 survey sponsored by the Economic ad Social Research council and The British Institute